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When you filter data with WHERE, exact comparisons such as = are not always enough. You often need to find rows where a text column starts with, ends with, or contains a certain fragment. For example, you may want every customer whose email ends with @gmail.com, or every book whose title begins with “The”. SQL […]
When you write SQL, every meaningful query eventually needs a condition — a boolean expression that decides which rows are returned, updated, or deleted. Conditions are built from two small but essential building blocks: comparison operators (=, <>, <, >, <=, >=) and logical operators (AND, OR, NOT). In this tutorial you will learn what […]
Real data is rarely complete. A customer may not have provided a phone number, an order may not yet have a shipping date, and a book may not yet have been assigned a category. SQL uses a special marker, NULL, to represent this missing or unknown information. Working with NULL correctly is one of the […]
Removing data from a database sounds simple, but a single missing clause can wipe out an entire table. In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL DELETE statement safely: how to target the exact rows you want to remove, how to verify your target before deleting, and how to use transactions to […]
Data stored in a database rarely stays the same forever. Prices change, customers move, orders are shipped, and inventory goes up and down. When you need to modify rows that already exist in a table, SQL provides the UPDATE statement. In this tutorial you will learn how to change the value of one or more […]
When you query a table, the result set often contains repeated values. For example, if you list the countries of every customer, the same country name appears many times. The DISTINCT keyword tells the database to return only unique values, removing duplicates from the result. In this tutorial you will learn what DISTINCT does, how […]
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